摘要
多层钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构地震破坏机理与抗倒塌设计理论一直是地震工程领域的研究热点。聚焦砌体填充墙对结构破坏模式的影响,从地震倒塌机理、结构破坏模式与成因剖析、抗地震倒塌设计理念3个方面对国内外开展的多层RC框架结构抗震研究进行了梳理、总结。结果表明:地震作用下实际工程及实验室模型难以出现设计预期的“强柱弱梁”破坏,设计细节和非结构构件均影响结构的地震破坏模式;改善填充墙与周围框架连接方式、增设翼墙或设置柔性填充墙一般均能保证结构的抗倒塌性能。
多层RC框架结构因其平面布置灵活、经济适用、建造方便等优点,在世界各国广泛应用,但此类建筑抗震表现不甚理想。以汶川地震为例,震害调查结果表明极震区内多层RC框架结构倒塌指数甚至高于多层砌体结
本文从地震倒塌机理、结构破坏模式与成因剖析、抗地震倒塌设计理念3个方面对多层RC框架结构地震破坏模式的研究脉络进行梳理、凝练,介绍了相关研究成果,同时对多层RC框架结构抗震研究发展趋势进行了展望。
历史震例表明,结构倒塌是地震造成人员伤亡和设备损毁的最主要原因。随着新型传媒的发展,震后现场的断壁残垣给人们带来的视觉冲击更为强烈,使得社会对建筑物抗倒塌问题更为关注。如何避免结构地震倒塌是亟待解决的社会问题和科学问题,也一直是地震工程界的研究热点与难点。
探讨结构地震倒塌问题时,倒塌评判准则的科学性至关重要。20世纪60年代,G. W. Housne
张雷明

图1 抗剪承载力与极限承载力比值对延性的影
Fig.1 The influence of Vn/Vp on displacement ductilit

图2 框架柱压剪破坏计算模
Fig.2 Free body diagram of column after shear failur
归纳、总结建筑物地震表现,反思震损建筑震害成因,对揭示结构地震破坏机理与推动抗倒塌设计理论发展大有裨益。汶川地震后,国内学者针对多层RC框架结构抗震性能问题开展了系统研
郭

图3 北川极震区不同类型房屋倒塌比率统
Fig.3 Collapse ratio of structures in meizoseismal area of Wenchuan Earthquak

图4 半高填充墙改变柱受力模式加剧破
Fig.4 Captive column restrained by partial-height masonry infil

图5 洞口设置不当使得柱发生短柱破坏
Fig.5 Short column damage caused by improper setting of openings

图6 填充墙的存在造成柱端剪压破坏
Fig.6 Short column damage caused by infills
基于上述研究成果,多层RC框架结构抗震问题大致可分为以下3个方面:(1)极罕遇地震下结构抗倒塌冗余度问题;(2)结构地震破坏模式与成因问题;(3)结构抗倒塌设计方法问题。
我国现阶段主要基于“三水准、两阶段”中“小震不坏”进行结构线弹性阶段的抗震设计,结构抗倒塌验算是间接的,未明确给出结构抗倒塌的定量计算方法和评价指标,因此按照同一规范设计的不同地区、不同结构的抗地震倒塌能力会有较大差
地震作用下,钢筋混凝土框架结构大致出现梁端塑性铰、柱端塑性铰、压剪以及拉剪等破坏形态。H. Takizawa
A. B. Climent
于晓辉
李永梅
傅剑平
刘伯权
填充墙对框架结构抗震性能的影响不可忽视,且影响不局限于对结构动力特性、自重及刚度等方面,应重视墙体对结构整体变形模式、受力机制、关键构件/节点破坏模式的影响。
填充墙的存在改变了竖向构件刚度与变形能力,进而影响结构的整体性能。童岳生
填充墙对框架结构抗震性能的影响,更多的是表现在对构件及结构整体破坏模式的影响上。郭子雄

图7 填充墙的存在使得框架柱发生压剪破
Fig.7 Compressive-shear failure of columns caused by masonry infil
已有试验研究证明,框架结构中填充墙的作用主要通过墙体对角传递,既墙体可视为“等效斜撑”,因此研究墙体对框架结构影响的重点是如何更科学、准确地描述“等效斜撑”。S. V. Polyako
单根支撑杆模拟填充墙具有一定的局限性,发展双杆模型或多杆模型能更精细地描述墙体⁃周围框架相互作用。T. Schmid
洞口的存在改变了框架⁃填充墙组合体的力学性能,再用简单的支撑杆模型模拟填充墙作用难以保障计算精度。模拟洞口影响方面,一种简单有效的方法是基于实体墙支撑杆宽度乘以对应的折减系数,A. J. Durrani
国内外大量学者基于上述方法或在其基础上对分析模型加以改良进而开展框架⁃填充墙组合体数值分析研究。叶列平

图8 框架-填充墙破坏模式数值模拟与试验结果对
Fig.8 Deformed mesh and experimental failure pattern for RC frame with infil
郭子雄
孙剑

图9 填充墙柔性连接对比试
Fig.9 General view of specimens for the RC frame with flexible connection

图10 梁、柱上方半高填充墙采用悬挑方式与柱顶连接
Fig.10 Masonry infills located on the cantilever beams
M. Y. Kaltakci

图11 框架-翼墙抗震拟静力试
Fig.11 Pseudo-static test of RC frame with wing wall

图12 框架-翼墙构造细
Fig.12 Details of frame and wing wall join

图13 汶川地震中带少量翼墙的RC框架结构震害
Fig.13 Seismic damage of RC frame structure with wing walls in Wenchuan Earthquake

图14 框架-翼墙结构试验破坏模式
Fig.14 Seismic failure mode of RC frame structure with wing walls
震害分析与试验研究成果已表明,按当前“强柱弱梁”原则设计的多层RC框架结构“梁铰机制”破坏模式仍难以实现。故而在开展RC框架结构地震破坏机理研究的过程中,在遵循延性设计或性态设计原则的大背景下,聚焦纯框架体系“强柱弱梁”设计原则关键参数研究的同时,应重视非结构构件对结构破坏模式的影响,尤其是填充墙对竖向构件受理机制、竖向构件破坏模式、结构整体屈服机制等方面的研究,同时有必要开展原型尺度或大比例多层多跨框架⁃填充墙模型地震模拟振动台试验,进一步探讨RC框架结构地震破坏模式与倒塌机理。
发展更加精细化的数值分析模型是研究填充墙与周围框架间相互作用的有效途径。目前需要解决的关键科学问题是填充墙影响下框架柱的失效模式模拟,即对柱发生剪切破坏和弯曲破坏时框架⁃填充墙组合体性能、裂缝扩展过程中交叉与汇合以及往复荷载和动力荷载作用下裂缝开闭等问题的科学描述。
填充墙是实现RC框架结构建筑功能不可或缺的构件。即便结构布置合理,填充墙可以充当结构抗震的第一道防线以降低主体结构的破坏,但仍需以填充墙严重破坏为代价;不幸的是地震中更多的框架结构震害表现为设置填充墙导致主体结构发生“柱铰破坏”或脆性破坏。因而,探索一种能够发挥填充墙有利作用且规避其不利作用的方法具有重要的工程意义。现阶段已有少量的钢筋混凝土翼墙能够有效提升RC框架地震破坏模式,在此基础上发展“低弹模、高延性”的新型填充材料具有较好的应用前景,随着新型填充墙改进方案的不断提出和深入研究,相应的框架⁃柔性填充墙/框架⁃翼墙⁃柔性填充墙的抗震性能研究也将成为新的研究热点。
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